The pioneering work of polyurethane polymers was carried out by Otto Bayer and his colleagues in 1937 in the laboratories of IG Farben in Leverkusen, Germany. They acknowledged that the principle of polyaddition polyurethanes from liquid diisocyanates and polyesters, liquid and polyester products seemed to point for special occasions, especially when compared with other polymers obtained by polymerization of olefins, or polycondensation. The new monomer combinationand existing patents owned by Wallace Carothers in polyesters.Initially, work has focused on the fiber and flexible foams get bypassed. (With the limited development of the Second World War, when polyurethane was applied to a limited extent to aircraft coating), it was not until 1952 that polyisocyanates became commercially available. Commercial production of flexible polyurethane foam was begun in 1954, based on toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and polyester polyols. The invention of these foams(originally) as an imitation Swiss cheese by the inventors, as a result of accidental introduction of water into the reaction mixture.
These materials were also used for the production of rigid foams, rubber and elastomers. Fibers were linear hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO). The first commercially available polyether polyol is poly (tetramethylene ether) glycol), followed by DuPont in 1956, introduced by the polymerization of tetrahydrofuran. Cheaper polyalkalene glycol glycols wereintroduced by BASF and Dow Chemical the following year, 1957. These polyether polyols business and technical advantages, such as low cost, manageability, and better hydrolytic stability and quickly supplanted polyester polyols for the production of polyurethane products. Another pioneer in PU was mobay Corporation. Manufactured in 1960 about 45,000 tons of polyurethane foams have been. As the decade progressed, the availability of propellants chlorofluoroalkane,inexpensive polyether polyols and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) has announced the development and use of polyurethane foam as a high performance polymer foam insulation materials.Rigid on MDI (pMDI) based on a better thermal stability and properties of combustion offered to those based on TDI. Were introduced in 1967, polyisocyanurate rigid urethane foam, or offer a better thermal stability and resistance to flammability of products for the isolation of low density.
Even during1960 were the motor component of internal security, such as instrument and door panels from thermoplastic skins, made with semi-rigid foam. In 1969, Bayer AG, exhibited all the cars in plastic Dusseldorf, Germany. Parts of this car is manufactured using a process called RIM, Reaction Injection Molding. RIM technology is followed by compression at high pressure liquid components, the flow speed of the reaction mixture into a mold cavity. Large areas such as automotive fasciaand parts of the body can be formed in this way. Polyurethane RIM is a range of products and processes. And diamine chain extenders with trimerization technology gave poly (urethane-urea), poly (urethane-isocyanurate), and RIM polyurea. The addition of fillers such as ground glass, mica, and processed mineral fibers are formed RRIM, reinforced RIM, improving the form of bending (stiffness) and thermal stability. This technology allows the production offirst plastic body in the United States, the Pontiac Fiero in 1983. A further improvement in flexural modulus were achieved by insertion of glass mat charge in the cavity for RIM, also known as SRIM, or structural RIM. Since 1980, water-blown microcellular flexible foam was lining mold to the panel and air filter oil seals used in the automotive industry. Since then, energy prices and the desire to eliminate PVC plastisol AutomotiveApplications will significantly increase market share. The raw materials are more expensive than offset by a significant decrease in the weight of the piece and in some cases eliminating the metal lid and filter boxes.
Very full of polyurethane elastomers and, more recently, is now fill in polyurethane foams used in filter applications oil temperature. Polyurethane foam (including foam), is often done by adding small amounts of volatile substances, known as foaming agents, the reactionMixture. These simple volatile chemicals are a major benefit, especially for thermal insulation. In 1990, because of their impact on ozone depletion, the Montreal Protocol for the reduced use of chlorine introduced with different propellants, such as Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). Haloalkanes Others, such as chlorofluorocarbons 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b) were used as a temporary replacement until disposal in the framework of the IPPC DirectiveGreenhouse gases in 1994 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Directive of the EU in 1997 (see: haloalkanes). In 1990, the use of blowing agents such as carbon dioxide, pentane, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa) is propellants become more widespread in North America and the EU, but remained in use of chlorine in many countries in the developing world.
Technology-based polyurethane spray coating and polyetheraminesThe development of the two main chemical components polyurea elastomer spray came in 1990. Their ability to respond quickly, and the relative insensitivity to moisture make them useful for projects that cover large areas, secondary containment, manhole and tunnel coatings and tank linings. Excellent adhesion to concrete and steel is obtained with the primer and surface treatment. During the same period, two new components of polyurethane and polyurea hybrid polyurethane elastomerTechnique was used to enter the market in aerosol loading of the tablet. This coating technology-trucks for the collection boxes and other cargo spaces creates a durable, abrasion-resistant compound with the metallic substrate, and eliminates corrosion and brittleness associated with drop-in bowls of thermoplastic materials. The use of polyols derived from vegetable oils to make polyurethane products began lining attention beginning around 2004, partly due to the increased cost of petrochemical raw materialsand increase in part to a public demand, environmental biotechnology products. One of the staunchest supporters of the polyurethane with natural oil polyols is the Ford Motor Company.
